Parole boards operate under ________ release. A _________________ is a community-based form of early release that places inmates in residential centers and allows them to reintegrate with society. Victoria is a correctional officer. Which issue of the capital punishment debate does this fall under? Which of the following is not an extralegal factor judges use to determine bail? What Supreme Court ruling granted the right to counsel for all individuals facing a felony charge? Seven members of the jury found her guilty, and the other five found her not guilty. What does reasonable mean? Which of the following is a standard condition of probation? What is the most important factor the judge takes into account when sentencing? provides a deterrent from victimization. Which of the following are community-based corrections centers that offenders must visit regularly for treatment, education, and rehabilitation? Which Supreme Court ruling held that the use of force is an Eighth Amendment violation only if it amounts to "the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain?". The most important factor for deciding to prosecute is ____________. In 2009, Chino, California prison inmates staged a riot which resulted in the injury of at least 175 prisoners. A judge can depart from mandatory minimums for drug crimes when there was no violence or threat of violence. A trial conducted without a jury is known as a __________ trial. However, three ruled it a Fourth Amendment issue and two ruled it a Sixth Amendment issue. The jury deliberated for two days. What kind of opinion is this? Because of this, he has become more comfortable in a prison cell. Violence Whether or not a person receives the death penalty seems to fall heavily on the quality of the defense attorney. 3. One significant parallel is that divided groups will engage in activities to procure and protect what they believe is theirs. One of three outcomes was possible: 1) He beats me up 2) I beat him up 3) We square off until one of us backs down In any scenario, the fact that I … What goal of sentencing does this most closely resemble? Causes of Sexual Harassment. This is one reason why journalism is so important, because it helps people see what is really going on. What is the main reason that mothers in prison do not see their children very often? Few studies have been conducted in this area, and this is still largely uncharted territory. The report found that prison staff “accept the high level of violence and sexual abuse... as a normal course of … What personality is this? While incarcerated, Craig got into a fight with, and ultimately killed, another inmate. A case in point: Chino Men's Prison in California, was built to hold 3,000 inmates; it currently holds 5,900 prisoners. What rule states that the prosecutor is not permitted to keep evidence from the defendant that may be useful in showing innocence? This is likely one of the primary reasons why Level I facilities are populated at less than their design capacity when compared to other housing levels. _________ opinions are separate opinions prepared by judges who support the decision of the majority of the court but who want to clarify a point or voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made. What is a series of punishments that become more severe with each subsequent act of wrongdoing? Sexual harassment is, above all, a manifestation of power relations – women are much more likely to be victims of sexual harassment precisely because they more often than men lack power, are in more vulnerable and insecure positions, lack self confidence, or have been socialized to suffer in silence. Sexual violence is also ubiquitous. While there, he was required to work, eat, and sleep alone in his cell. Which of the following is not a criticism of plea bargaining? In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional rights were violated in a specific case. Add resentment and anger to a lack of compassion and you … She recounted that she heard gunfire from an alley and, seconds later, saw the defendant run from the same alley. Violence may be distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile behaviour that may be physical, verbal, or passive in nature. _________ is the imposition of a sentence that is fixed by a sentencing authority and cannot be reduced by judges or other corrections officials. Of the following, who would not be held in a jail? The judge sentenced her to below the minimum sentence, stating he sympathized with Claire. What standard was the prison violating? Approximately _________ percent of female inmates are diagnosed with mental disorders. The most extreme form of IPV is termed intimate terrorism, coercive controlling violence, or simply coercive control. Sentencing ___________ occurs when those convicted of similar crimes do not receive similar sentences. A judge sentenced Robbie to six years in prison, the maximum required by law. Who is responsible for maintaining security in a courtroom? What is a judicially imposed condition in which an offender is sentenced after being convicted of a crime, but is not required to begin serving the sentence immediately? The inmates in the study considered themselves to be of heterosexual orientation. What is this an example of? What Supreme Court ruling allowed this? ___________ is evidence given to counteract or disprove evidence presented by the opposing party. RJ was found guilty of assault but felt that he was given an unfair trial. The group of citizens from which the jury is selected is known as the_________. Kyle was arrested for possession of heroin. The bail amount must be reasonable compared with the seriousness of the offense. In such situations, one partner is systematically violent and controlling. Which of the following is not a reason that allows a person to be tried again for the same crime? She is not the first person in the role to engage … The "________" effect argues that increased surveillance pulls offenders more deeply into the correctional system, rather than helping them leave it. The _______________ model is a theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration inmates feel at losing their freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside the institution. 90–92). A prosecutor decided to delay proceedings against Michael, instead requiring him to voluntarily check into a substance abuse center. To reduce judicial discretion, many states have implemented________. Approximately ______________ percent of male inmates are a member of a prison gang. Some of the more recent literature on unethical behaviors that occur in prison settings relate to the inappropriate relationships that can develop between inmates and staff members. ________ release is release from prison that occurs when an offender has served the full length of his or her sentence, minus any adjustments for good time. What type of condition of probation was the judge employing? He told Robbie he hoped that this would persuade him to get on the "straight and narrow" after release. When it comes to treatment of the prisoners, a balancing act must occur between ______________ and the safety of the institution. IPV can include any of the following types of behavior: Physical violence is when a person hurts or tries to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, or using another type of physical force. According to your text, who is the least informed of the prominent members in the courtroom work group? Female prisoners are more likely to be the victims of sexual violence from ______________ than male offenders. William was removed as a potential juror through a peremptory challenge. A ________________ consists of three or more inmates who engage in activity that poses a risk to the safety of other inmates or the prison staff. And this impetus — risk and potential sanctions — does dissuade some who would engage in acts of violence, even if the inspiration is a perceived front to one’s dignity or respect (i.e., calling someone in prison an “inmate” would probably be one such situation where even if the person was angered by the expression, it just wouldn’t be worth it to fight over the term’s utilization). Female offenders are often housed too far away from family. Which risk factor for recidivism is Carl showing? The _______________ model is a theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration inmates feel at losing their freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside the institution. What did Kelsey use? Who or what confirms the appointment of a federal judge? Which model is based on the assumption that prisoners are incarcerated for reasons of incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution? The damage inflicted by violence may be physical, psychological, or both. ___________ is anything that is used to prove the existence or nonexistence of a fact. At Site A, inconsistent supervision by correc - tions officers was creating opportunities for inmates to engage in violence and other prohib - ited acts. The jail design inhibited officers from interacting with inmates, and mechanisms were not in place to ensure that officers were con - ducting their rounds as often as prescribed. Which of the following is a short period of incarceration designed to deter future criminal activity by showing the offender the hardships of imprisonment? What Supreme Court ruling determined that severe overcrowding denied inmates satisfactory levels of mental and physical health care and was therefore considered cruel and unusual? Prisoners still commit crimes within the walls of a prison and there are several contributing causes for violence to occur among prisoners or between inmates and prison staff. The _________ standard set up a two-pronged test to determine whether counsel was not constitutionally sufficient. (Design capacity generally refers to the number of beds that CDCR would operate if it housed only one inmate per cell and did not “double‑bunk” inmates in dormitories.) What philosophy of sentencing believes that those who commit criminal acts should be punished for breaking society's laws to the extent required by just deserts? Who or what determines how long an inmate stays in prison under indeterminate sentencing? The last study released by the Department of Justice, in 2001, found that the rate of inmate-on-inmate assaults was 38 percent higher at private prisons than at public prisons. He was indigent and asked to have counsel appointed to him, which was granted. Which of the following would not be a reason someone was denied probation? A _______ encourages interaction between inmates and staff that offers greater opportunities for treatment. What type of court will he next appear in? Prison gangs, for example, engage in activities to protect and defend cellblock and dayroom "turf," operate illegal enterprises such as drug trafficking and extortion for gain, and collect "taxes" on dealers in their turf. What type of defense counsel program is this? Research suggests that the __________, the belief that women should be treated more leniently than men, plays a role in the lighter sentences received by females. Most first-time, nonviolent offenders will end up at what type of facility? Phillip was arrested for burglary and could not afford an attorney. During a criminal trial, the burden of proof falls on the__________. What is this? Many jurisdictions are turning to __________ because of its cost-effectiveness. One is that in communities that have more women than men, there are more cases of disruption in families. Approximately ___________ percent of sex offenders commit another sex crime after release. During the appeals process, both parties file a(n)_________, a written document that presents the party's legal argument. What type of sentence do juries most often get to impose? To help reduce the prison population, proponents of decarceration want to release ________ offenders. No more than 120 days between trial and verdict. is found to have engaged in sexual harassment or sexual contact with an inmate. An incident that one scholar might call an “inappropriate relationship” may be labeled by others as a form of economic exploitation, or even sexual abuse. The ________ is ultimately responsible for the organization and performance of a correctional facility. The confrontation clause is guaranteed in what Amendment? The inmates sued and won. Most wrongful convictions happen because of __________. New evidence is found after the defendant was found not guilty. What function of the court system does this fall under? What Supreme Court ruling stated that it was a violation of a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights that the judge alone determined whether the defendant was executed? inmates, sometimes invading another inmate'cell with other members of their gang to steal their valuables, only to sell them on the illegal black market within the prison. A system in which the sheriff's department is reimbursed by a government agency for the cost of housing jail inmates is known as a ________. Claire was arrested and convicted for burglarizing several homes. __________________ are a group-based form of substance abuse treatment that focuses on identifying the underlying social and psychological problems of abusers to help change negative behaviors linked to drug and alcohol addiction. What act requires that victims be alerted of any parole proceedings? What is the most common form of punishment in the United States? The Bureau of Justice Statistics indicate that the Federal Bureau of Prisons and 19 states are over capacity, with 20 additional states also close to maximum prison capacity. confesses to a crime he or she knows will be committed. As part of his job, George must maintain evidence and issue subpoenas for jury duty. Statistics based on prior month's data -- Retrieving Inmate Statistics. During the _________, the judge decides whether there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime for which he or she is charged. Colton committed petty theft, a misdemeanor that carried a sentence of incarceration. ____________ is a strategy for preventing crime by detaining wrongdoers in prison, thereby separating them from the community and reducing criminal opportunities. He had become a user fairly recently and had no prior record. What was it? Which of the following is the authority of a court to hear and decide cases within a physical territory? In February 2010, the ABA House of Delegates approved a set of ABA Criminal Justice Standards on Treatment of Prisoners.These Standards supplant the previous ABA Criminal Justice Standards on the Legal Status of Prisoners and, in addition, new Standard 23-6.15 supplants Standards 7-10.2 and 7-10.5 through 7-10.9 of the ABA Criminal Justice Mental Health Standards. Though we always attempt to resolve situations without violence and attempt to gain voluntary compliance we have to understand the environment we work in and that violence, intimidation and pain are a reality. What is he? This is what type of concern? Overcrowding increases stress under the best of conditions, let alone in situations when individuals have limited copin… Several inmates died during outbursts of violence in late December 2019 and early January 2020. Which of the following is not a feature of the adversary system? How many Supreme Court Justices must approve of a writ to hear a case? Members may also buy and sell their fellow inmates to other gang members for sexual purposes, or engage … With consideration of his previously clean record, in lieu of prison, the judge gave Kyle the option to enter a specific type of program overseen by a judge that combines treatment and sanctions. A claim of consent will not be accepted as an affirmative defense for engaging in sexual harassment or sexual abuse of an inmate (PA DOC, 2014). What Supreme Court ruling banned the execution of juveniles? Which act requires standards such as evidence collection and crisis counseling for those raped in prison? Attorney-client privilege can only be broken when the defendant__________. Which of the following courts are federal trial courts? What "legitimate security interest" that allows force is John following? __________ are statutes that require lengthy prison sentences for those who are convicted of repeated felonies. Judge Sullivan decided to accept a plea bargain that was brought before her. Aimee is contacted periodically via text by her probation officer to verify her whereabouts. The ___________________is the chief law enforcer of the state. The Supreme Court ruled that mandatory blood alcohol tests were unconstitutional. The result of living like this is that inmates who survive prison life become tougher and less able to feel for themselves and others (Johnson, 2002, pp. Violence in prison is usually in the form of intimidation, although physical violence is also common. _____________ courts hear criminal proceedings. During trial, Maria was called to testify. What type of law is this? George committed misdemeanor assault. That means that there are more single-parent families -- usually families with no father. J.E.B. Offenses. Who writes the presentence investigation report? He did not have much money and could not afford an attorney, so the court appointed one for him. Private prisons will continue to play an important role in the criminal justice system because states are experiencing shrinking corrections budgets, and ________. Where would he be sent? Adult crime and violence are likely outcomes in those individuals whose empathy is stunted and who grow up without the conscience normally fashioned through a concern for the well-being of others. He suspected it was because a he was African American. Which of the following is not something the prosecutor does before trial? Which type of prison is a correctional institution that holds approximately 45% of the prison population and houses less dangerous inmates, therefore using less restrictive measures to prevent violence and escapes? Recently in Colorado, individuals convicted of this have been released earlier than the public would like. Exceptions to this consist of sex during conjugal visits and sex with an employee of the opposite sex. A prison officer from the West Midlands has been jailed for more than two years after having sex with an inmate. Therefore, he sentenced him to weekends in jail, with release each Sunday evening so he could work during the week. ___________ is the examination of a witness by the attorney who calls the witness to the stand to testify. When did this occur? The __________ is a court proceeding in which the suspect is formally charged with the criminal offense in the indictment. Which of the following is punishment-oriented and places the offender under stricter and more frequent surveillance and control? In the county of his arrest, a private attorney was appointed to him. General deterrence does not have success because it assumes, often incorrectly, that most people are_______________. ocky was arrested for burglary. Which model finds security concerns secondary to the well-being of each inmate? Probation and parole officers have an element of ________ in their duties. What is considered the first American penitentiary? What is one reason for inmates to engage in violence? Who is responsible for determining the sentence of a person found guilty? Which of the following is not one of the three broad criteria considered during the classification process? ruled that a person's ___________________ cannot be used as a reason for a peremptory challenge. Judges are required to grant reasonable bail by the Eighth Amendment. This is the primary mechanism that different groups in prison use to assert their dominance and control. Some argue that inmates are treated as commodities in private prisons.