[78] Philip III of Spain announced his claim to succeed Matthias in Bohemia and Hungary, emphasizing that his mother, Anna, the sister of Matthias, had never renounced her right to the two realms. [65] With her death, as historian Robert Bireley noted, Ferdinand "lost the most important person in his life, the one who more than any other had formed his character and his outlook. [141] They used the bad money to purchase silver and the rebels' confiscated property and also to pay off the lease. Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. [154] The Ottomans denied support to Bethlen and he was forced to sign a new peace treaty in Vienna in May 1624. Ferdinand (I), also called Ferdinand the Benign, German Ferdinand der Gütige, (born April 19, 1793, Vienna, Austria—died June 29, 1875, Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary), emperor of Austria from 1835 to 1848, when he abdicated his throne. 19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875) was the Emperor of Austria from 1835 until his abdication in 1848. [158] Maximilian I of Bavaria, who still held Upper Austria in pledge, proposed a cautious approach in the province, but Ferdinand ordered the expulsion of all Protestant pastors and teachers on 4 October. [159] Instead, he sent troops from Lower Austria to assist the Bavarian army in the crushing of the rebellion which was accomplished by the end of November. Ferdinand der Gütige Golden Fleece - Knights: Austrian Branch. [161] Christian IV raised new troops and stationed them in his Duchy of Holstein (in the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire) and persuaded the other Lower Saxon rulers to make him the commander of their united armies in early 1625. [27], Ferdinand returned to Graz on 20 June 1598. [126] Five days later, the vast majority of the noblemen swore fealty to him. [80] On 31 October 1616, Ferdinand and Maximilian III agreed to achieve the removal of Klesl, but Ferdinand wanted to conclude an agreement with Philip III about Matthias's succession before making further steps. [81], Ferdinand sent troops against the Uskoks' principal center at Senj to put an end to their piratical raids in 1614. [80][83], Matthias adopted Ferdinand as his son in 1615, but without proposing Ferdinand's election as king of the Romans, because he feared that Ferdinand would force him to abdicate. 19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875) was the Emperor of Austria from March 1835 until his abdication in December 1848. Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 28 August 1619 (Frankfurt), two days before the Protestant Bohemian Estates deposed Ferdinand (as king of Bohemia). [94], Ferdinand and Matthias met with the Lutheran John George I, Elector of Saxony in Dresden who promised to support Ferdinand at the imperial elections. [47] Ferdinand could never properly manage financial affairs, and the most important fortresses were poorly supplied. [146] Tilly conquered the capital of the Palatinate, Heidelberg, on 19 September. Russia, Prussia, and Austria. [85] Philip acknowledged Ferdinand's right to inherit Matthias's realms, but Ferdinand promised to cede territories in Alsace, along with Finale Ligure and the Principality of Piombino in Italy to Philip after he succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand replied by firing the Bohemian general in 1630. Soon, some of Ferdinand's allies began to complain about the excessive power exercised by Wallenstein, as well as the ruthless methods he used to finance his vast army. [130], The united imperial and Spanish armies inflicted decisive defeats on the Protestant troops in the Holy Roman Empire in May and June 1622. His favourite amusement was to wedge himself in a wastepaper basket and roll over and over like a ball. [96] He appointed the Catholic magnate, Zsigmond Forgách, as the new palatine. [107] Mansfeld and his mercenaries captured Plzeň, which was an important center of the Bohemian Catholics, and the rebels made raids into Lower Austria. The Diets of Bohemia and Hungary confirmed Ferdinand's position as Matthias' successor only after he had promised to respect the Estates' privileges in both realms. [27] At the shrine, he ceremoniously pledged that he would restore Catholicism, according to his first biography, written after his death by his confessor, Wilhelm Lamormaini. He planned an alliance to strengthen the position of the Catholic Church in the Holy Roman Empire, but the Catholic princes established the Catholic League without his participation in 1610. Emperor of Austria, President of the German Confederation, King of Hungary and Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), as well as associated dominions from the death of his father (Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor) on 2 March 1835 until his abdication on 2 December 1848 after the Revolutions of that year. Alsace - Ensisheim Kle. Ferdinand was sadly retarded with an over-large head with a flat skull and water on the brain. The overjoyed father wrote to his relatives that “a healthy prince” was born, but that proved to be wrong. [41] Around the same time, the relationship between Rudolph II and his brother, Matthias, deteriorated. How is the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand connected to the fighting between Russia and Austria? [140] Liechtenstein, Eggenberg, Wallenstein and other noblemen established a consortium that also included the Jewish banker, Jacob Bassevi, and Wallenstein's financial manager, Hans de Witte. Ferdinand was born in Madrid on 10 March 1503 to Philip the Handsome of the House of Habsburg and Queen Joanna the Mad of Castile. Ferdinand I (April 19, 1793 – June 29, 1875) was the Emperor of Austria from 1835 until his abdication in 1848. Because of the emperor’s limited abilities, government affairs were controlled by a body of counselors, known as the “state conference,” in which the decisive influence was exercised by the chancellor Klemens, prince von Metternich. [2] Being a daughter of Albert V, Duke of Bavaria, by Charles II's sister Anna, Maria of Bavaria was her husband's niece. [116][117] After learning of Bethlen's success, Frederick V accepted the Bohemian crown on 28 September. [130][145] The Diet elected a Lutheran aristocrat, Count Szaniszló Thurzó,[145] as the new palatine. [135] The estates of more than 450 nobles and burghers were fully or partially confiscated. (Louis's father Henry IV of France had once been a Huguenot leader.) [166] The English, Dutch and Danish envoys concluded an alliance against the Catholic League in The Hague on 9 December 1625. [44] Taking advantage of his relatives' anxiety, Matthias persuaded Ferdinand, Maximilian and Ferdinand's brother, Maximilian Ernest, to start new negotiations concerning Rudolph's succession. [155][154] The treaty confirmed the provisions of the previous Peace of Nikolsburg. [97] Ferdinand was automatically excommunicated for the imprisonment of a cardinal, but Pope Paul V absolved him before the end of the year. [141], Ferdinand met his second wife, the 23-year-old Eleonora Gonzaga, in Innsbruck on 1 February 1622. The war left the Holy Roman Empire devastated, its cities in ruins, and its population took a century to recover. [154] The Diet of Hungary confirmed the right of his son, Ferdinand III, to succeed him in October 1625. [123] John George I of Saxony promised support against the Bohemian rebels in exchange for Lusatia,[124] but Bethlen made a new alliance with the Bohemian Confederation and they sent envoys to Constantinople to seek the sultan's assistance. [19] The weak position of Catholicism in Graz astonished Ferdinand, especially when he realized that only his relatives and most trusted courtiers celebrated the Eucharist during the Easter Mass. [92] He was crowned king in the St. Vitus Cathedral on 29 June. [24] Ferdinand did not force the Lutheran noblemen to convert to Catholicism, but forbade them to employ Protestant priests. [54][55] The subsequent Peace of Zsitvatorok put an end to the war with the Ottoman Empire on 11 November 1606. The Ottomans captured Nagykanizsa in Hungary in 1600, which enabled them to invade Styria. [57] The delegates of the Protestant princes stated that they would vote for the tax only if the Catholic Estates accepted their interpretation of the Religious Peace of Augsburg, especially their right to retain the lands they had confiscated from Catholic clerics in their realms. [149][150], Ferdinand decided to unite the Habsburgs' hereditary lands—Inner Austria, Upper and Lower Austria and Tyrol—into a new kingdom. [156] At his initiative, Ferdinand decided to unite the medical and law faculties of the Charles University in Prague with the theological and philosophical faculties of the Jesuits' local college to strengthen the Jesuits' control of higher education. News of his deposition arrived in Frankfurt on the 28th but Ferdinand didn't leave town until he'd been crowned. [34], Ferdinand forbade the Estates of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola to hold a joint assembly. In order to muster an imperial army to continue the war, he applied to Albrecht von Wallenstein, one of the richest men in Bohemia: the latter accepted on condition that he could keep total control over the direction of the war, as well as over the booties taken during the operations. [61][62], Ferdinand's appointment as the Emperor's deputy to the Diet implied that Rudolph regarded Ferdinand—the only Habsburg who had already fathered children—as his successor. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [145] Leopold wanted to establish his own principality. Ferdinand I Karl Leopold Joseph Franz Marcellin, Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. [11] Maria and William V tried to secure the regency for her, but Rudolph II, who was the head of the Habsburg family, appointed his own brothers—first Ernest in 1592, and then in 1593, Maximilian III—to the post. [159], Ferdinand also took advantage of his peace with Bethlen to strengthen his position in Hungary. In the years following he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. Ferdinand was installed as the actual ruler of the Inner Austrian provinces in 1596 and 1597. His parents were devout Catholics, and, in 1590, they sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in Ingolstadt, because they wanted to isolate him from the Lutheran nobles. In 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616), daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria. His heart was interred in the Herzgruft (heart crypt) of the Augustinian Church, Vienna. Ferdinand met with difficulties right at the beginning of his rule in Austria. [38] The commissioners also burnt prohibited books. However, Charles denied him the satisfaction of seeing Austria made a kingdom. [22][24] He named his mother regent and left Graz on 22 April 1598. To compensate for his shortcomings he was given the assistance of the Privy State Conference (Geheime Staatskonferenz), the president of which was Archduke Ludwig, a brother of the late Emperor Franz. [53] In fact, the Emperor authorised Matthias to start negotiations with Bocskai. Corrections? Spain also supported Ferdinand against the Republic of Venice during the Uskok War in 1617–18. Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria was a sovereign of Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty who reigned from 1835 until his abdication in 1848. Ferdinand I (1503 - 1564) was the Holy Roman Emperor (1558 - 1564), King of Bohemia and Hungary (1526 - 1564), and Archduke of Austria (1520 - 1564). [73][74] The Bohemian Estates dethroned Rudolph and elected Matthias king on 23 May 1611. [45] In 1600, he sent an envoy to the Uskoks, whom the Uskoks murdered. [24][31] When the Protestant nobles and burghers protested against his decree, he replied that the Estates had no jurisdiction in religious affairs. [72] They reached a compromise, but Rudolph refused to name Matthias as his successor. [54] The resulting agreement was included in the Treaty of Vienna, which granted religious freedom to Hungarian Protestants and prescribed the election of a palatine (or royal deputy) in Hungary on 23 June 1606. [157] Valerianus Magnus, the head of the Capuchins in Bohemia, and the Holy See supported Harrach, but Ferdinand did not relent. As ruler of Austria, he was also President of the German Confederation, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), King of Lombardy–Venetia and … [162] Wallenstein, who had accumulated immeasurable wealth in Bohemia, offered to hire mercenaries for him, but Ferdinand still hesitated. [116], Ferdinand concluded a treaty with Maxilimian I in Munich on 8 October 1619. [148] Ferdinand had to yield, but assured Maximilian that he had not abandoned their original plan. [1] Charles II, who was the youngest son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, had inherited the Inner Austrian provinces—Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorizia, Fiume, Trieste and parts of Istria and Friuli—from his father in 1564. Also Known As: [164] He authorized Maximilian to invade the Lower Saxon Circle if it were necessary to stop a Danish attack only in July. Charles was born 17 August 1887 in the Persenbeug Castle to Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. [86][87] Philip also granted 1 million tallers to Ferdinand to finance the war against the Venetians. [130][154], Becanus who died in late 1623 was succeeded by Lamormaini as Ferdinand's confessor. [156] A year later, he prescribed that all inhabitants were to convert to Catholicism in Upper Austria by the following Easter, allowing only noblemen and burghers to choose to leave the province. [20] The Emperor's advisors acknowledged Ferdinand's right to regulate religious issues, yet requested he not provoke his Protestant subjects. September 1830 – 2 December 1848 Coronation 28 September 1830, Pressburg [84] Klesl who regarded Ferdinand as the Jesuits' puppet continued to oppose his appointment as Matthias's successor. [30] Ferdinand's mother and Jesuit confessor urged him to take vigorous measures. Charles's relation… [18] A burgher from Graz who had converted to Catholicism, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, became one of his most trusted courtiers. [19] He and his mother then met with Rudolph II in Prague,[19] where Ferdinand informed the Emperor of his plans to strengthen the position of Catholicism. [166] In a letter, he informed Maximilian of Bavaria about his plan to grant a pardon to Frederick V in exchange for Frederick's public submission and an indemnification for the costs of the war, but he also emphasized that he did not want to deprive Maximilian of the electoral title. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-emperor-of-Austria [139] The new archbishop of Prague, Ernst Adalbert von Harrach did not renounce the control of the university and also wanted to prevent the Jesuits from seizing the estates of the Charles University. etc. [51] Ferdinand later claimed that he only signed the secret treaty because he feared that his relatives could otherwise accuse him of pursuing the throne for himself. [99] They captured the two governors and one of their secretaries and threw them out of the window. [5][6], Ferdinand's education was managed primarily by his mother. Although Ferdinand had grown up in Spain and spoke little German, he was made ruler of the Habsburgs’ Austrian hereditary lands and the deputy of the Emperor in the Holy Roman Empire. [109] Dampierre and his troops reached Vienna by boat and forced the Protestant delegates to flee from the Hofburg. [139], Ferdinand could not pay off his mercenaries' salaries. [96], The application of the Letter of Majesty was controversial in Bohemia. Franz Joseph, also called Francis Joseph, (born August 18, 1830, Schloss Schönbrunn, near Vienna, Austria—died November 21, 1916, Schloss Schönbrunn), emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. [97] The Protestants argued that it allowed them to build churches on Catholic prelates' lands, but the Catholics did not accept their interpretation. [60] After the Diet was closed in early May, the Electoral Palatinate, Brandenburg, Würtemberg and other Protestant principalities formed an alliance, known as the Protestant Union, to defend their common interests. A period of minor operations followed. [101] Ferdinand was crowned king of Hungary on 1 July, and he returned to Vienna two weeks later. [148] They only agreed to bestow the title on Maximilian personally. [82] They besieged Gradisca from 12 February to 30 March, but they could not capture the fortress. [21] He was first officially installed as ruler in Styria in December. [59] He started negotiations with William V of Bavaria about the formation of an alliance of the Catholic princes, but his uncle wanted to establish it without the Habsburgs' participation. [167] Taking advantage of the peasant revolt in Upper Austria, Christian IV departed from his headquarters in Wolfenbüttel, but Tilly routed his troops in the Battle of Lutter on 26 August 1626.